Distance Protection Basics

Visualizing Distance Protection: Mho Elements on an R-X Plot

Distance protection is a foundational concept in transmission line protection. Among the various elements used, the mho element is one of the most common and intuitive to understand when visualized on an R-X di...

Introduction to Power System Protection

Types of Power System Faults

A power system fault can be defined as an unintentional low impedance connection between different phases, or to ground. When a fault has no impedance (i.e., zero impedance), it is often referred to as a bolted fault. If the faul...

I. Introduction

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) is a technology that has been implemented since the 1950s as a complement of AC (Alternating Current) power systems. Because of its different characteristics as compared to AC systems, it offers great advantages over these in many aspects. Perhaps ...